Alternative Names
autism spectrum disorders (ASDs); pervasive developmental disorders (PDDs); Asperger syndrome; autistic disorder
Symptoms & Characteristics
Autism is a term used to describe a spectrum of developmental disorders (autism spectrum disorders) defined by specific impairments in social interactions and communication skills (both verbal and nonverbal) and unique responses to sensory information. Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) typically become apparent in children before the age of 3 years. Some general characteristics noted in children affected with ASDs may include (but are not limited to):
- Difficulty with pretend play
- Sensitivity to particular sights, sounds, touches, smells or tastes
- Distress when routines are altered
- Repetitive body movements
The symptoms found in people affected with ASDs are variable and range from mild to severe. A health care provider with experience in the diagnosis and treatment of ASDs is necessary for the accurate diagnosis of the condition. A diagnosis is typically based on very specific diagnostic criteria.
Treatment
Treatment availability is dependent upon the cause of autism. As no two people affected with an ASD are the same, a specific treatment program should be designed to meet the specific needs of an affected individual. An experienced specialist and/or team of specialists should design and coordinate this treatment. Early diagnosis and treatment may improve the outcome for children affected with ASDs.
How Common Is It?
The exact incidence of ASDs is not known. A 2007 report from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) - Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring (ADDM) Network indicated that the overall incidence of autism spectrum disorders in the general population is estimated to be 1 in 150.
- ASDs occur more frequently in boys than in girls.
Genetics & Inheritance
The exact cause of ASDs is not known. Some inherited genetic conditions have been shown to cause ASDs. However, in a majority of cases, a specific cause cannot be identified. Researchers are currently looking into what environmental factors may contribute to the development of ASDs.
Genetic Conditions (Inherited)
There are numerous genetic conditions that are associated with ASDs. In these conditions, there are often additional, characteristic mental and/or physical abnormalities. Some of the more common genetic conditions associated with ASDs include:
An evaluation by a medical geneticist may be helpful in establishing cause. This is not only important for the health and management of the affected person but also for an accurate estimation of recurrence risk within a family.
Genetic Testing
Clinical genetic testing for some of the genetic conditions associated with autism spectrum disorders may be available through an in person genetic consultation for people who are considered at risk. Testing options are based on an individual's clinical symptoms, but usually include (at minimum), a chromosome analysis (for the detection of a chromosome abnormality) and Fragile X syndrome. It is always recommended to see a genetic professional for a complete evaluation, accurate diagnosis and discussion of the benefits and limitations of testing and recurrence risk. Use our find a genetic professional directory to locate a trained genetic professional in your area.
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